WHAT ARE THE SINUSES

By shazril9972c4b55efd1874dad | Updated: March 28, 2019, 8:14 p.m.

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Assalamualaikum...
Name : MOHD SHAZRIL ANAS BIN OTHMAN
GROUP : HM2414D
What is sinusitis?
A sinus is a hollow space in the body. There are many types of sinus, but sinusitis affects the paranasal sinuses, the spaces behind the face that lead to the nasal cavity.
Symptoms
If the patient has two or more of the following symptoms and thick, green or yellow nasal discharge, they may be diagnosed with acute sinusitis.

- facial pain and pressure 
- blocked nose 
- nasal discharge 
- reduced sense of smell 
- congestion 
- cough
The Causes of Sinus
Sinusitis can stem from various factors, but it always results from fluid becoming trapped in the sinuses. This fuels the growth of germs.

Viruses : In adults, 90 percent cases of sinusitis result from a virus
Bacteria : In adults, 1 case in 10 is caused by bacteria
Pollutants : Chemicals or irritants in the air can trigger a buildup of mucus
Fungi : The sinuses either react to fungi in the air, as in allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), or they are invaded by fungi, as in chronic indolent sinusitis.

RISK FACTORS
The following may increase a person's risk of developing sinusitis:

- previous respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold      - nasal polyps, or small growths in the nasal passage that can lead to inflammation 
- weakened immunity, due, for example, to a health condition or some kinds of treatment 
- an allergic reaction to substances such as dust, pollen, and animal hair 
- structural problems in the nose, for example, a deviated septum
Types of Sinus
Sinusitis always involves nasal swelling and a buildup of mucus, but there are different types, and they can last for different lengths of time. The types are :

Acute sinusitis: This lasts up to 4 weeks and is the most common type.

Subacute sinusitis: Symptoms last longer than the normal acute period, for between 4 and 12 weeks.

Chronic sinusitis: Symptoms persist, or continually return, after 12 weeks. It may need more surgery.

Diagnosis

- A doctor will carry out a physical examination and ask the patient about their symptoms. This is usually enough to make a diagnosis. 
- The doctor may visually examine the nasal cavity with a light source, or a small, handheld device with a light attached called an otoscope, which can also be used to examine the ears.
- If symptoms persist, a doctor may refer a person with sinusitis to an ear, nose, and throat specialist.
Chronic sinus
- Chronic sinusitis is not usually bacterial in nature, so antibiotics are unlikely to resolve symptoms. A fungal infection can be treated with antifungal drugs.
- Corticosteroid sprays can help in recurrent cases, but these need a prescription and medical supervision.
- In allergic sinusitis, treating allergies with shots or reducing and avoiding exposure to allergens like animal dander or mold can lessen the occurrence of chronic sinusitis.
Preventation
The following may help prevent sinusitis :

- Practice good hand hygiene. 
- Avoid smoking and second-hand smoke. 
- Keep vaccinations up to date. 
- Stay away from people with colds and other respiratory infections.
- Maintain air conditioning units to prevent mold and dust from collecting. 
- Where possible, avoid allergens.

WHAT ARE THE SINUSES

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