SENSE AND REFERENCE I

By nadiale1996 | Updated: Dec. 8, 2018, 5:10 p.m.

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SENSE AND REFERENCE

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Hello!
My name is Nadine, 
and I'm going to explain about

REFERENCE AND SENSE
 LEXICAL SEMANTICS
is divided in:
REFERENCE
SENSE
It deals with the relationship between language and world
It deals with relationships inside the language
By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about.
Reference is something haring physical existence
REFERENCE
is the relationship between parts of a language and things outside the language (in the world).
EXAMPLE
MY SON  IS IN   THE BEECH TREE
Referent: person
Referent: thing
NOTE
Referent of a part of language are the things or people that exist in the world even something or someone that not exist but we believe they are available.
So we have...
MY/THE
 SON/
BEECH TREE
ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS 
(PART OF LANGUAGE)

THING/ PERSON
(PART OF THE WORLD)

REFERENT OF A PART OF A LANGUAGE CAN CHANGE
Some expressions in a language can have different references. 
EXAMPLE

ORANGE
FRUIT
HAVE A CONSTANT REFERENCE
Some other expressions never refet to different references.
EXAMPLE

MOON
COLOR
note:
 There is very little constancy of reference in language , almost all of the fixing of references comes from the context and according to the circumstances "time , place ..etc " in which expressions are used .
EXAMPLE
The president of USA in 1997 was George Bush
                                   in 2006 was Bill Clinton 
                              in 2009 was Obama.

SENSE
SENSE
 The sense of a part of language (words/expressions) is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expression in the language. 
Sense is something which doesn't have any physical existence.

SENSE DEALS WITH...
Sense deals with intra-linguistic relationships "semantic relationships"
One of the semantic relationships is "sameness of meaning in words, phrases and sentences "

MORE THAN ONE WORD CAN HAVE THE SAME SENSE
IN SOME CASES THE SAME WORD CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE SENSE
I (ALMOST /NEARLY) FELL OVER
SAME LANGUAGE
I have an account at the bank of Scotland . 
We steered the raft to the other bank of river.

In some cases alike sentences have different sense : 
THE CHICKEN IS READY TO EAT.

THE CHICKEN IS READY TO BE EATEN.

THE CHICKEN IS READY TO EAT SOMETHING.

RULE
every expression that have meaning have sense , but not every expression has reference.

almost , probable , if and above don't refer to a thing in the world but they all have a sence

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENSE AND REFERENCE
the referent of an expression is often a thing or person in the world .

the sense of an expression is not a thing at all, it is an abstraction that can be entertained in the mind of a language user.

Thank you!

SENSE AND REFERENCE I

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