ESSAY 3 , CHAPTER 5

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DEP6332 : SATELLITE & RADAR COMM SYSTEM
ESSAY 3
CHAPTER 5 : RADAR SYSTEM
GROUP 5
MUHAMAD NAZRAN BIN MOHD NASRON (04DEP16F2001)
NURUL SUHADA BINTI SAIDI (04DEP16F2006)
SET 2
1. EXPLAIN THE JAMMING CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTIC OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) JAMMING SIGNAL.
- Jamming is the deliberate radiation orreradiation of energy to prevent or degrade the reception ofinformation by a receiver. The jamming function is tied directly to the information provided by the EW support measures (ESM) componentof the EW program.The tactics for using jamming vary with thetactical situation and the commander's plan of action. Conceptactually,the jamming transmitter is placed between the signal transmitter and the receiver to which the transmission is directed.However, the ability to place the jammer between the transmitter and the receiver is seldom possible.
2.INTERPRET THE CLUTTER AND SOURCE THAT CAUSED OCCURRENCE OF CLUTTER.
- Clutter is a term used for unwanted echoes in electronic systems, particularly in reference to radars. Such echoes are typically returned from ground, sea, rain, animals/insects, chaff and atmospheric turbulences, and can cause serious performance issues with radar systems.
SOURCE THAT CAUSED OCCURRENCE OF CLUTTER
1.Surface Clutter
- Ground or sea returns are typical surface clutter. Returns from geographical land masses are generally stationary, however, the effect of wind on trees etc means that the target can introduce a Doppler Shift to the radar return. This Doppler shift is an important method of removing unwanted signals in the signal processing part of a radar system. Clutter returned from the sea generally also has movement associated with the waves
2.Volume Clutter
- Weather or chaff are typical volume clutter. In the air, the most significant problem is weather clutter. This can be produced from rain or snow and can have a significant Doppler content.
3.Point Clutter
-Birds, windmills and individual tall buildings are typical point clutter and are not extended in nature. Moving point clutter is sometimes described as angels. Birds and insects produce clutter, which can be very difficult to remove because the characteristics are very much like aircraft.
set 4
1. DISCUSS THE RADAR CLUTTER.
- Radar returns are produced from nearly all surfaces when illuminated by a radar. Therefore, in competition with the return from an aircraft, there are many sources of unwanted signals. Unwanted signals in a search radar are generally described as noise and clutter. (Noise was discussed earlier in detail concerning the Radar Basics.) Clutter is the term used and includes ground returns, sea returns, weather, buildings, birds and insects. The definition of clutter depends on the function of the radar. Weather is not clutter in a weather detecting radar.
2. Interpret Doppler Effect with THREE (3) situations between source and receiver.
A)No Change in Distance
When the distance between the source and receiver of electromagnetic waves remains constant, the frequency waves is the same in both places
B)Increasing Distance
When the distance between the source and receiver of electromagnetic waves is increasing, the frequency of the received wave forms is lower than the frequency of the source wave form
C)Decreasing distance
When the distance is decreasing, the frequency of the received wave form will be higher than the source wave form
SET 6
1. Explain the radar detection concept.
Radar is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations & obstacles
2. Illustrate the types of shape of aircraft which influence the signal reflected.
A)Conventional Aircraft
Most conventional aircraft have a rounded shape.This shape creates a really efficient radar reflector.Means that no matter where the radar signal hits the plane ,some of the signal gets reflected back
B)Stealth Aircraft
A stealth aircraft is made up of completely flat surfaces and very sharp edges. When a radar signals hits the stealth plane, the signal reflects away at an angle.Surfaces on a stealth aircraft also can absorb radar energy. This is how the aircraft become invinsible

ESSAY 3 , CHAPTER 5

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